Chapter+One

DEFINITION LISTS:

For each chapter, there will be a list of vocabulary words.

These are the lists from which the definition quizzes are based, so you need to know them in advance of the quiz on the chapter.

Definition Worksheet #1: Chapter 1 and Labs #1 & #2

Define the following key terms.

1. Metabolism- is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms.

2. Homeostasis- By sensing and adjusting to change, organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within a range that favors cell survival.

3. Cell- smallest unit that can live and reproduce on its own or as a part of a multicelled organism.

4. Tissue- organized array of cells and substances that are interacting in some task.

5. Organ- structural unit of two or more tissues that interact in one or more tasks.

6. System (organ system)- organs that interact in one or more tasks.

7. Organism- an individual that consists of one or more cells.

8. Population (species)- a group of individuals of a species in a given area.

9. Community- all populations of all species in a given area.

10. Ecosystem- a community interacting with its environment.

11. Biosphere- includes all regions of earth that hold life.

12. Prokaryotic Cells- cells that do not have a nucleus.

13. Eukaryotic Cells- cells that do start out with a nucleus.

14. Evolution- change in a line of descent.

15. Dependent Variable- what the investigator measures to determine the effect of the independent variable.

16. Independent Variable- variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable.

17. Standardized Variable- the control variable that is unaffected be the experiment.

18. Bias- a particular tendency or inclination, especially one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question.

19. Placebo Effect- when someone is given a placebo, something ineffectual and has actual changes from it.

20. Hypothesis- testable answer to your question.

21. Theory- a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

22. Prefix- the beginning part of a word.

23. Suffix- the end part of a word.

24. Word Root- the form of a word after all affixes are removed.

CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to the Study of Biology

1.

//The scientific study of life//.
 * What is the definition of BIOLOGY?**

2**. Matching: Choose the most appropriate definition for each term listed. (see pg. 4)**

1.

__organ system__ F

2.

cell E 3.

__community__ H

4.

ecosystem J 5.

__molecule__ G

6.

organelle C 7.

__population (species)__ L

8.

subatomic particle B 9.

__tissue__ M

10.

biosphere D 11.

__multi-celled organism__ K

12.

organ A 13.

__atom__ I

A. one or more tissues interacting as a unit

B. proton, neutron, or electron

C. a membrane-bound compartment within a cell that carries out a specialized function (e.g. mitochondrion)

D. all regions of Earth’s water, crust and atmosphere that hold organisms

E. the smallest unit of life capable of

surviving and reproducing on its own

F. organs interacting physically, chemically or both in some task

G. two or more atoms bonded together

H. all populations of all species occupying a specified area

I. the smallest unit of an element

that retains the properties of that element

J. a community interacting with its

physical environment (biotic interacting with abiotic)

K. an individual composed of different types of cells

L. a group of individuals //of the same//

species in a particular place at a

particular time

M. a group of cells that work together to

carry out a particular function

3 What is an EMERGENT PROPERTY? //A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts//.

4. **Using the terms below, rewrite them in order from smallest to largest.** //sub-atomic particle, atom, molecule, tissue, organ, organ system, multicelled organism, organelle, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere//

tissue, community, molecule, biosphere, organ system, organelle, ecosystem, atom, cell, population, subatomic particle, multi-celled organism, organ

5. **What is life?**

Please consult the section in BLUE ITALICS at the beginning of section 1.2 (text), and answer the following question: There is unity to all living things. All living things:

1. //Need energy//

2. //Have the cycling of materials to maintain homeostasis.//

3. //Have the ability to respond to and sense change.//

4. //Have DNA//.

6. **Energy and Life’s Organization**

Please label the above diagram (from Figure 1.3, text). Why do living organisms need inputs of energy? Energy produces nutrients that both consumers and producers need to survive.

Living organisms can generally be divided into one of two groups:

A. //Producers//

__: use sunlight energy to construct sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules (photosynthetic organisms)__

B. //Comsumers//

__: these organisms cannot make their own food, so they eat producers and other organisms. //Animals// eat producers or other consumers; //Decomposers// are consumers that feed on wastes or remains of organisms.

Analysis of the energy flow in living systems:

Can **nutrients** be recycled between producers and consumers? Explain. //Yes, consumers can leave leftovers from their meals which producers absorb and use as a source of nutrient.//

Why is the energy flow from the sun down through producers and consumers considered a ONE WAY flow? //With each transfer, some energy escapes as heat. Cells do not use heat to do work. Energy enters the world of life and ultimately leaves it.//

What happens to energy that is lost in this series of energy transfers? //It escapes as heat//.

What happens when you eat sugar (describe the changes that occur inside of your body)? Explain how receptors are involved, and also how the body maintains homeostasis as we put sugar into our guts. //The sugar enters your bloodstream which makes your blood sugar level rise. The added sugars bind to repectors on cells of the pancreas. Binding sets in motion a series of events that causes cells throughout the body to take up sugar faster, so the// //sugar level in your blood stream returns to normal. Our internal environment has to stay within a certain range or our body cells will die. Our organs help maintain the range to keep us alive.//

What is DNA, and why is it so important? //A nucleic acid, that is the signature molecule of life. It is the basis of growth, survival, and reproduction in all organisms.//

7.


 * Life’s Diversity**

The above chart shows the 3 domains of life. Within the domain Eukarya, what are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?

1. //Protists//

2. //Plants//

3. //Fungi//

4. //Animals//

Using Table 1.1, please compare life’s three domains:

Domain Characteristics Examples

//prokaryotic- no nuclus// || //Bacteria that lives on skin, spiral cyanobacteria// || //prokaryotic but are closer evolutionary// //to uerkaryotes// || //Methane producing cells on the sea floor// || //single celled and multicelled organisms// || //Protists, plants, fungi, and animals// ||
 * Bacteria || //single celled organisms//
 * Archaea || //single celled organism//
 * Eukarya || //Eurkaryotic cells- have a nucleus//

8.

Evolution by natural selection

How can organisms be so much alike and still show tremendous diversity? //They can be alike in certain aspects of their body form, function, and behavior but the details of the traits can differ.//

What is a **mutation**? //Small scale changes in DNA.//

Charles Darwin asserted three principles relating to the evolution of traits in organisms:

1. //Natural population tends to increase in size.//

2. //Individuals of a population differ from one another in the details of shared traits.//

3. //Adaptive forms of traits make their bearers more competitive, so those forms tend to become more common over generations.//

What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? //Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that differ in the details of their shared, heritable traits and artificial selection happens in cases of controlled breeding. One form of a trait is favored over others under contrived, manipulated conditions, in an artificial environment.//

9. The Nature of Biological Inquiry


 * Observe || some aspect of nature ||
 * Question || frame a question that relates to your observation ||
 * Hypothesis || a testable answer to your question ||
 * || a testable explanation of the observed phenomenon or process ||
 * Prediction || Using hypothesis as a guide, make a statement of some condition that

should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong.

“if” hypothesis is correct “then” the prediction holds. ||
 * Test || Devise experiments. Experiments may be performed on a model if experiments directly with a subject is not possible ||
 * Results || Assess results of the tests.

If tests confirm prediction, then this lends evidence in support of the hypothesis.

If tests disprove prediction, then the hypothesis may be flawed. ||
 * Repeat || Repeat to strengthen probability that hypothesis is strong. ||
 * Report || Report all steps of experiment as well as conclusions to scientific community ||

Why is critical thinking so important in science? Critical Thinking is judging the quality of information as one learns. It is so important in science because it helps us minimize bias in our judgments.

How is the word THEORY defined in science? Theory is a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

Complete the following table using information from your text:


 * Experiments || Are tests that can support of falsify a prediction. ||
 * Variable || Is a characteristic that differs among individuals or events . ||
 * Experimental group || Is a set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment. ||
 * Control group || A group tested side by side ||

Matching exercise: match the definition in the first column with the term in the second column.

1.a test that can support or falsify a prediction

Scientific Experiment

2. a statement of some condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong

Prediction

3. a testable answer to some question or observation

Hypothesis 4. Identical with an experimental group in all respects //except// for the one variable being studied.

Control Group

5. A hypothesis that has not been disproven even after years of tests.

Scientific Theory

6. a characteristic that differs among individuals or events

Variable

A. scientific experiment

B. variable

C. prediction

D. control group

E. hypothesis

F. scientific theory

Sample Test Questions for Chapter 1 and Labs 1-4:

1. The human body has the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal

environment. This ability is called d. Homeostasis

a. adaptation.

b. inheritance.

c. metabolism.

d. homeostasis.

2. A boy is color-blind just like his grandfather was, even though his mother had normal

vision. This situation is the result of b. inheritance

a. adaptation.

b. inheritance.

c. metabolism.

d. homeostasis.

3. The digestion of food, the production of ATP by photosynthesis and respiration, the

construction of the body’s proteins, reproduction of cells, and the contraction of a

muscle are all activities associated with c. metabolism

a. adaptation.

b. inheritance.

c. metabolism.

d. homeostasis.

4. The experimental group and control group are identical except for b. the variable being studied

a. the number of variables studied.

b. the variable being studied

c. the sample size of each group

d. the number of experiments performed on each group.

5. While walking through a park in your neighborhood you notice the well maintained

cobblestone pathway, many beautiful trees, several squirrels running about, a spider’s

web with a huge spider, a couple playing with their dog and a nice fountain. The

park would best be described as b. a community

a. a species

b. a community

c. an organism

d. an ecosystem

e. none of the above

6. A testable explanation of some natural phenomena that has not been disproven even after years of repeated tests. b. a community

a. control

b. theory

c. hypothesis

d. prediction

7. TRUE-FALSE: A population consists of all the living organisms in a specific area.

False

8. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of living organisms? e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

a. they have the ability to grow and develop with time

b. they store genetic instructions in DNA molecules

c. they survive by metabolism (they utilize energy)

d. they reproduce

e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

Use the following situation to answer questions 9-11.

You are studying the effect of temperature on food spoilage and want to know at

which temperature food will stay fresh the longest. You place the food in different

incubators set to different temperatures and allow the food to remain undisturbed for

several weeks after which time you observe the amount of spoilage.

9. In this experiment, the //incubators set at different temperatures// would be the b. independent variable

a. dependent variable

b. independent variable

c. standardized variable

10. In order to get the best data, or the most reliable results from this experiment, which of the following would you suggest be done? e. repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

a. test different foods at different levels of “ripeness”, for different lengths of time, and at different levels of humidity all at the same time.

b. do the experiment only once to lessen the chance that you make an error.

c. set all the incubators to the same temperature to increase the sample size.

d. allow the food to stay in the incubators for only one day to lessen the chance of

contamination

e. repeat the experiment at least 3 times.

11. What type of graph would better present this data? a. line graph

a. line graph

b. bar graph

12. Which of the following depend **directly**on sunlight for energy? a. producers

a. producers

b. consumers

c. decomposers

d. none of the above

13. TRUE or FALSE: Double blind studies (experiments) are done to eliminate the

placebo effect of the people taking part in an experiment.

False

Use the chart from Experiment 3 to help you answer questions 14-17.

14. What is the length in micrometers of an object that measures 28.0 mm in length? c. 0.0028

a. 280.

b. 0.00028

c. 0.0028

d. 28,000.

e. 0.028

15. If an object measures 28.0 centimeters, what is the length in millimeters? e. 0.028

a. 280.

b. 0.00028

c. 0.0028

d. 28,000.

e. 0.028

16. How many cc’s are there in 1/8 cup? a. 240

a. 240

b. 120

c. 80

d. 60

e. 30

17. How many drops are in 1/2 teaspoon? b. 15

a. 3

b. 15

c. 30

d. 60

e. 80

18. True or False: A combining vowel (usually the letter O) is used before suffixes that also begin with a vowel.

True 19. True or False: It is possible to change the meaning of a medical word by changing the suffix, but not by changing the prefix.

False 20. True or False: When defining a medical word, always define the prefix first. False