Module+5+Review

9Name: Module 5 Review Sheet What you need to know for Module 5 Exam:

1. What is potential energy?
 * The capacity to do work because of somethings location and the arrangement of its parts **

2. What is kinetic energy?
 * energy of motion (potential energy transforms into kinetic). **

3. What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics? first law is=energy does not apear from no were...and it does not just vanish into nuthing... second law=the ammount of energy stays the same and it spreads out

4. What is chemical energy? energy of the structure of molecules and the type of bonds that hold them together 5. Draw energy diagrams for endergonic and exergonic reactions. Explain the energy content of products and reactants in each instance i dont know how to draw on the computer...but endorgonic it is stored in the thang... exergonic...the energy goies out

6. Give some examples of processes that are exergonic. camp fire...candle...a gun...all dat

7. ATP: Which has more energy, ATP, ADP, AMP?ATP

8. What is phosphorylation? Transfer of a phosphate group to a recipient molecule.

9. Define oxidation and reduction. Give examples. Oxidation is the removal or loss of electrons. ex: formation of ATP Reduction is the addition or gain of electrons. ex: also formation of ATP, also electron transfers

10. What is oxidized in cellular respiration? What is reduced? Oxidized: **Glucose** Reduced: **NAD+ (to make 2 NADH)** I need help with these. For some reason I can't find the answer.

11. Enzymes: know the mechanics of an enzymatic reaction. How does an enzyme make reactions proceed more easily? They can help substrate molecules get together, they shut out water, they help substrate molecules by inducing a fit that helps to allow the substrate in to the active site, and they promote an acid base environment which also encourages the loss of water. 12. Define substrate, active site, allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation, competitive inhibition. Substrate: The substance on which an enzyme acts. Active Site: Chemically stable crevice in an enzyme where substances bond and a reaction can be catalyzed repeatedly. Allosteric: A region of an enzyme other than the active site that can bind regulatory molecules. Inhibition: The slowing or prevention of a process, reaction, or function by a particular substance. Allosteric activation: An active site becomes functional when an activator binds to an allosteric site. Competitive inhibition: Blockage of an enzyme on it's substrate by replacement of the substrate with a similar but inactive compound that can combine with the active site of the enzyme but that is not acted upon.

13. Know the peak pHs at which most enzymes operate. Most enzymes operate at a pH of 6-8. Some enzymes like pepsin function better in a lower pH than usual. Pepsin does really well in a pH of about 2.

14. What are some conditions that can denature an enzyme (which is a protein most of the time)?
 * change in pH, temperature, or exposing a protein to certain detergents **

15. What are cofactors?
 * inorganic ions that aid enzymes to speed reactions.**

16. What are coenzymes? Examples?

17. Where does oxygen get involved in Cellular Respiration?

18. Name 4 actions an enzyme takes to help the reaction proceed.

19. Know the three stages of cellular respiration. (order)

20. For each stage, what is the starting reactant?

21. Energy produced?

22. Accounting summary for Aerobic Respiration
 * || How many ATP? || How many NADH? || NADH converted to how many ATP? || How many FADH2? || FADH2 converted to how many ATP? ||
 * Glycolysis || **Net 2** || **2** || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * Krebs || **2** || **8** || 0 || **2** || 0 ||
 * Electron Transport Chain || **32** || 0 || **10** || 0 || **2** ||
 * Totals (ATP) || **36** || **10** || **10** || **2** || **2** ||

23. How many ATP utilized to transport NADH into mitochondrion?
 * 1 ATP is used. (NADH=3 ATP-1 ATP for transport = (answer to question 24.......... ** 24. So, overall NET ATP? **2 net ATP**

25. Explain the electron transport system.
 * (I'm assuming this is the electron transport chain???) So these are the notes I took from a detailed video of how the electron transport chain functions step by step (here's the picture to go along with it): **
 * At the start of the electron transport chain, 2 electrons are passed from NADH into the NADH dehydrogenase complex. Pumping of 1 hydrogen ion occurs per electron. The 2 electrons are transferred to Ubiquinone (which is a mobile transfer molecule). This moves the 2 electrons from the NADH dehydrogenase complex to the Cytochrome b-c1 complex. Each electron is then transferred from there to the cytochrome C (another mobile transfer molecule, but this one only accepts ONE electron at a time). 1 Hydrogen ion is pumped through the Cytochrome b-c1 complex as each electron is transferred. Cytochrome C transports one electron at a time from Cytochrome b-c1 to Cytochrome oxidase (which requires 4 electrons total). Once the Cytochrome oxidase complex has 4 electrons in it, the 4 electrons interact with oxygen molecules & 8 hydrogen ions. The 4 electrons, oxygen, and 4 of the Hydrogen ions are used to form water, while the other 4 hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondria membrane which creates a hydrogen ion gradient (above). Energy in this gradient is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and phosphate.**

26.Please explain the above process, using as much detail as you can. (hey, a lot of the detail is right there, so you explaining it is most of the points!)